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B
5
C
6
N
7
Al
13
Si
14
P
15

 

Periodic table

de  German

Kohlenstoff

en  English

Carbon

fr  French

Carbone

hr  Croatian

Ugljik

it  Italian

Carbonio

es  Spanish

Carbono

 

C
C
Carboneum

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

CARBON

CARBON GROUP

 

Atomic number:6

Group numbers:14

Period:2

Electronic configuration:[He] 2s2 2p2

Formal oxidation number:-4 +2 +4

Electronegativities:2.55

Atomic radius / pm:77.2

Relative atomic mass:12.0107 ± 0.0008

 

Carbon has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word carbo meaning charcoal. Carbon has three forms: graphite, diamond and C60. Graphite form of carbon is a black, odourless, slippery solid and sublimes at 3825 °C. Diamond form is a clear or coloured; an extremely hard solid. C60 is Buckminsterfullerine. Carbon black burns readily with oxidants. Carbon is made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density / g dm-3:3513 (diamant, 293 K)

 2260 (graphit, 293 K)

Molar volume / cm3mol-1:3.42 (diamant, 293 K)

 5.31 (graphit, 293 K)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:1375 (20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1:5.7

Melting point / °C:3550

Boiling point / °C:4827

Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1:105

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1:710.9

Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1:711.2

IONIZATION ENERGIES

First ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1086.46

Second ionization energy / kJ mol-1:2352.65

Third ionization energy / kJ mol-1:4620.50

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS

in the atmosphere / ppm:336.7

in the Earth's crust / ppm:200

in the oceans / ppm:28

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

hexagonal

Crystal structure:

hexagonal

Unit-cell dimensions / pm:

a=246.12, c=670.78

Space group:

P63/mmc

ISOTOPES

IsotopeRelative atomic massMass percent (%)
12C1298.90(3)
13C13.003354838(1)1.10(3)
14C14.003241988(4)*

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = CO(g) + H2O- 0.12
2CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = H2C2O4- 0.49
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = HCOOH- 0.20
CNO- + 2H2O + 2e- = CN- + 2OH-- 0.97
2HCNO + 2H+ + 2e- = (CN)2(g) + 2H2O+0.33
(CN)2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = 2HCN+0.37
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2+0.699 (quinon/hydroquinone)
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2+0.696 (1 mol dm-3 HCl)
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2+0.696 (1 mol dm-3 HClO4)
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2+0.696 (1 mol dm-3 H2SO4)

 

5 Boron <=
6 Carbon
 => 7 Nitrogen