Silicon - ASCII Periodic Table of the Elements

ASCII PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

  Si

Relative atomic mass: 28.0855 ± 0.0003

English: Silicon
French: Silicium
Croatian: Silicij
German: Silizium
Italian: Silicio
Spanish: Silicio

Atomic number: 14
Group numbers: 14
Period: 3
Standard state (20 °C): solid

Discovery: 1824 Jöns Jacob Berzelius (SE)

Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius (SE) in 1824. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word 'silicis' meaning 'flint'. Amorphous form of silicon is brown powder; crystalline form has grey metallic appearance. The solid form is unreactive with oxygen, water and most acids. It dissolves in hot alkali. Silica dust is a moderately toxic acute irritant. Silicon makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2) and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 �C. It is used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Silicon is by far the more widely used semiconductor for electronics.

Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p²
Formal oxidation number: -4 +2 +4
Atomic radius: 117.6 pm

Electronegativities: 1.9
Thermal conductivity: 148 W/(m K)
Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 10 μΩcm

Melting point: 1414 °C
Boiling point: 3265 °C

Heat of fusion: 39.6 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 383.3 kJ/mol
Heat of atomization: 451.29 kJ/mol