Periodic table

 

 

Atomic number:69

Group numbers:3

Period:6

Electronic configuration:[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²

Formal oxidation number:+3

Electronegativities:1.25

Atomic radius / pm:172.4

Relative atomic mass:168.93421 ± 0.00002

 

Thulium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve (SE) in 1879. Named after Thule, an ancient name for Scandinavia. It is a soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal that tarnishes in air and reacts with water. Thulium dust is flammable. Thulium is found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime and monazite. Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density / g dm^-3:9321 (293 K)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:18.12 (293 K)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:79 (20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:16.8

Melting point / °C:1545

Boiling point / °C:1950

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:18.4

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:247

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:233.43

IONIZATION ENERGIES

First ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:596.70

Second ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1162.66

Third ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:2284.79

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:0.32

in the oceans / ppm:0.00000004

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

ISOTOPES

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

 

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Citing this page:

Generalic, Eni. "Thulium." EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 3 Jan. 2012. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <http://www.periodni.com/tm.html>.