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22
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23
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40
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41
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42

 

Periodic table

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Vanadium

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Vanadium

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Vanadium

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Vanadij

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Vanadio

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Vanadio

 

V
V
Vanadium

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

VANADIUM

TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP

 

Atomic number:23

Group numbers:5

Period:4

Electronic configuration:[Ar] 3d3 4s2

Formal oxidation number:+2 +3 +4 +5

Electronegativities:1.63

Atomic radius / pm:131.1

Relative atomic mass:50.9415 ± 0.0001

 

Vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio (MX) in 1801 and rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrôm (SE) in 1830. Named after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal, resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. It reacts with concentrated acids. Vanadium is found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere. It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and fixer-fixer.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density / g dm-3:6110 (292 K)

 5550 (m.p.)

Molar volume / cm3mol-1:8.34 (292 K)

 9.18 (m.p.)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:19.68 (20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1:30.7

Melting point / °C:1910

Boiling point / °C:3407

Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1:17.6

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1:459.7

Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1:510.95

IONIZATION ENERGIES

First ionization energy / kJ mol-1:650.92

Second ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1414.49

Third ionization energy / kJ mol-1:2828.10

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:230

in the oceans / ppm:0.002

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

body-centered cubic

Crystal structure:

body-centered cubic

Unit-cell dimensions / pm:

a=302.40

Space group:

Im3m

ISOTOPES

IsotopeRelative atomic massMass percent (%)
50V49.947163(1)0.250(2)
51V50.943964(1)99.750(2)

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V
V3+ + e- = V2+- 0.256
V3+ + e- = V2+- 0.21 (1 mol dm-3 HClO4)
V2+ + 2e- = V(s)- 1.18
2VO43- + 10H+ + 4e- = V2O3 + 5H2O+1.238
VO43- + 6H+ + 2e- = VO+ + 3H2O+1.256
VO2+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + H2O+1.00
V2O5 + 6H+ + 2e- = 2VO2+ + 3H2O+0.998
V2O4 + 4H+ + 2e- = 2VO+ + 2H2O+0.246
VO2+ + 2H+ + e- = V3+ + H2O+0.359
VO2+ + H+ + e- = VOH2++0.164
VO2+ + e- = VO+- 0.044
V2O3 + 6H+ + 2e- = 2V2+ + 3H2O+0.161
VO+ + 2H+ + e- = V2+ + H2O+0.126
VOH2+ + H+ + e- = V2+ + H2O- 0.082
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + 3H2O+1.00
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + 3H2O+1.02 (1 mol dm-3 HCl)
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + 3H2O+1.02 (1 mol dm-3 HClO4)

 

22 Titanium <=
23 Vanadium
 => 24 Chromium