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ZEICHEN-ENTITY-REFERENZEN IN HTML

für internationale Zeichen, Symbole, mathematische Symbole und griechische Buchstaben.

Um Autoren eine intuitivere Möglichkeit zu geben, auf Zeichen im Dokumentzeichensatz zu verweisen, bietet HTML eine Kollektion von Zeichen-Entity-Referenzen. Zeichen-Entity-Referenzen verwenden symbolische Namen, so dass sich Autoren keine Code-Positionen merken müssen. Zum Beispiel verweist die Zeichen-Entity-Referenz å (auf das kleine »a« mit einem Kreis darüber; »å«) ist leichter zu merken als å.

Zeichen-Entity-Referenzen unterscheiden zwischen Groß- und Kleinschreibung. So weist Å auf ein anderes Zeichen (großes A mit Kreis; Å) als å (kleines a mit Kreis; å).

 

Mathematische Symbole

BeschreibungZeichenUnicode dezimalHTML-Entity BeschreibungZeichenUnicode dezimalHTML-Entity
no-break space       ampersand & & &
middle dot · · · plus-minus sign ± ± ±
multiplication sign × × × division sign ÷ ÷ ÷
asymptotic to, almost equal to ≈ ≈ ≈ partial differential ∂ ∂ ∂
sum of ∑ ∑ ∑ integral ∫ ∫ ∫
infinity ∞ ∞ ∞ square root √ √ √
per mille sign ‰ ‰ ‰ double arrow right (implies) ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
arrow left ← ← ← arrow right → → →
arrow up ↑ ↑ ↑ arrow down ↓ ↓ ↓
less than < &#60; &lt; greater than > &#62; &gt;
right-pointing » &#187; &raquo; left-pointing « &#171; &laquo;
double quote " &#34; &quot; degree sign ° &#176; &deg;
en dash – &#8211; &ndash; equivalence, identical to ≡ &#8801; &equiv;
copyright sign © &#169; &copy; registered sign ® &#174; &reg;
euro sign € &#128; &euro; pound sign £ &#163; &pound;
inverted exclamation mark ¡ &#161; &iexcl; inverted question mark ¿ &#191; &iquest;

 

Internationale Zeichen

BeschreibungZeichenUnicode dezimalHTML-Entity BeschreibungZeichenUnicode dezimalHTML-Entity
capital letter A with grave À &#192; &Agrave; small letter a with grave à &#224; &agrave;
capital letter A with acute Á &#193; &Aacute; small letter a with acute á &#225; &aacute;
capital letter A with circumflex  &#194; &Acirc; small letter a with circumflex â &#226; &acirc;
capital letter A with tilde à &#195; &Atilde; small letter a with tilde ã &#227; &atilde;
capital letter A with diaeresis Ä &#196; &Auml; small letter a with diaeresis ä &#228; &auml;
capital letter A with ring above Å &#197; &Aring; small letter a with ring above å &#229; &aring;
capital letter AE dipthong Æ &#198; &AElig; small letter ae dipthong æ &#230; &aelig;
capital letter C with cedilla Ç &#199; &Ccedil; small letter c with cedilla ç &#231; &ccedil;
capital letter E with grave È &#200; &Egrave; small letter e with grave è &#232; &egrave;
capital letter E with acute É &#201; &Eacute; small letter e with acute é &#233; &eacute;
capital letter E with circumflex Ê &#202; &Ecirc; small letter e with circumflex ê &#234; &ecirc;
capital letter E with diaeresis Ë &#203; &Euml; small letter e with diaeresis ë &#235; &euml;
capital letter I with grave Ì &#204; &Igrave; small letter i with grave ì &#236; &igrave;
capital letter I with acute Í &#205; &Iacute; small letter i with acute í &#237; &iacute;
capital letter I with circumflex Î &#206; &Icirc; small letter i with circumflex î &#238; &icirc;
capital letter I with diaeresis Ï &#207; &Iuml; small letter i with diaeresis ï &#239; &iuml;
Capital N, tilde mark Ñ &#209; &Ntilde; Small N, tilde mark ñ &#241; &ntilde;
capital letter O with grave Ò &#210; &Ograve; small letter o with grave ò &#242; &ograve;
capital letter O with acute Ó &#211; &Oacute; small letter o with acute ó &#243; &oacute;
capital letter O with circumflex Ô &#212; &Ocirc; small letter o with circumflex ô &#244; &ocirc;
capital letter O with tilde Õ &#213; &Otilde; small letter o with tilde õ &#245; &otilde;
capital letter O with diaeresis Ö &#214; &Ouml; small letter o with diaeresis ö &#246; &ouml;
capital letter o with stroke Ø &#216; &Oslash; small letter o with stroke ø &#248; &oslash;
capital letter U with grave Ù &#217; &Ugrave; small letter u with grave ù &#249; &ugrave;
capital letter U with acute Ú &#218; &Uacute; small letter u with acute ú &#250; &uacute;
capital letter U with circumflex Û &#219; &Ucirc; small letter u with circumflex û &#251; &ucirc;
capital letter U with diaeresis Ü &#220; &Uuml; small letter u with diaeresis ü &#252; &uuml;
capital letter Y with acute Ý &#221; &Yacute; small letter y with acute ý &#253; &yacute;
capital letter Y with diaeresis Ÿ &#223; &Yuml; small letter y with diaeresis ÿ &#255; &yuml;
micro sign µ &#181; &micro; small letter sharp s ß &#223; &szlig;

 

Griechisches Alphabet

BeschreibungZeichenUnicode dezimalHTML-Entity BeschreibungZeichenUnicode dezimalHTML-Entity
capital letter Alpha Α &#913; &Alpha; small letter alpha α &#945; &alpha;
capital letter Beta Β &#914; &Beta; small letter beta β &#946; &beta;
capital letter Gamma Γ &#915; &Gamma; small letter gamma γ &#947; &gamma;
capital letter Delta Δ &#916; &Delta; small letter delta δ &#948; &delta;
capital letter Epsilon Ε &#917; &Epsilon; small letter epsilon ε &#949; &epsilon;
capital letter Zeta Ζ &#918; &Zeta; small letter zeta ζ &#950; &zeta;
capital letter Eta Η &#919; &Eta; small letter eta η &#951; &eta;
capital letter Theta Θ &#920; &Theta; small letter theta θ &#952; &theta;
capital letter Iota Ι &#921; &Iota; small letter iota ι &#953; &iota;
capital letter Kappa Κ &#922; &Kappa; small letter kappa κ &#954; &kappa;
capital letter Lambda Λ &#923; &Lambda; small letter lambda λ &#955; &lambda;
capital letter Mu Μ &#924; &Mu; small letter mu μ &#956; &mu;
capital letter Nu Ν &#925; &Nu; small letter nu ν &#957; &nu;
capital letter Xi Ξ &#926; &Xi; small letter xi ξ &#958; &xi;
capital letter Omicron Ο &#927; &Omicron; small letter omicron ο &#959; &omicron;
capital letter Pi Π &#928; &Pi; small letter pi π &#960; &pi;
capital letter Rho Ρ &#929; &Rho; small letter rho ρ &#961; &rho;
capital letter Sigma Σ &#931; &Sigma; small letter sigma σ &#963; &sigma;
capital letter Tau Τ &#932; &Tau; small letter tau τ &#964; &tau;
capital letter Upsilon Υ &#933; &Upsilon; small letter upsilon υ &#965; &upsilon;
capital letter Phi Φ &#934; &Phi; small letter phi φ &#966; &phi;
capital letter Chi Χ &#935; &Chi; small letter chi χ &#967; &chi;
capital letter Psi Ψ &#936; &Psi; small letter psi ψ &#968; &psi;
capital letter Omega Ω &#937; &Omega; small letter omega ω &#969; &omega;

Ein Benutzerprogramm kann eventuell nicht in der Lage sein, alle Zeichen eines Dokuments sinnvoll darzustellen, zum Beispiel, weil ihm ein passender Zeichensatz (Font) fehlt, ein Zeichen einen Wert hat, der in der internen Zeichenkodierung des Benutzerprogramms nicht ausgedrückt werden kann, usw.

 

Bibliographie:

  1. "Character entity references in HTML 4." W3C. 10 June 2011. <http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html>
  2. O. Dag. "About ISO and Unicode." 21 Nov. 2004. orWell.ru. 10 June 2011. <http://orwell.ru/test/ISO/>
  3. Alan Wood. "HTML 4.01 Character Entity References" 10 May 1997. 14 Jul. 2011. <http://www.alanwood.net/demos/ent4_frame.html>