Atomic number:29
Group numbers:11
Period:4
Electronic configuration:[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Formal oxidation number:+1 +2
Electronegativities:1.9
Atomic radius / pm:127.8
Relative atomic mass:63.546 ± 0.003
Copper has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word cuprum meaning the island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines. It is a malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal, resistant to air and water. Exposed surfaces form greenish carbonate film. Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. It is usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O). Copper is most often used as an electrical conductor and in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewellery and for coins.
Crystal structure:
face-centered cubic
Unit-cell dimensions / pm:
a=361.47
Space group:
Fm3m
Density / g dm-3:8960 (293 K)
7940 (m.p.)
Molar volume / cm3mol-1:7.09 (293 K)
8.00 (m.p.)
Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:1.673 (20 °C)
Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1:401
Melting point / °C:1084.62
Boiling point / °C:2562
Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1:13
Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1:306.7
Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1:337.15
1st ionization energy / kJ mol-1:745.49
2nd ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1957.93
3rd ionization energy / kJ mol-1:3554.64
in the atmosphere / ppm:-
in the Earth's crust / ppm:75
in the oceans / ppm:0.003
Cu(s)+0.337 Cu++0.153 Cu(s)+0.521 Cu+ + 2H2O+1.73 Cu+ + 2H2O+2.51 Cu(s) + 2H2O+1.13 Cu(s) + 2H2O+1.52 Cu2O(s) + 2H++0.20 Cu2O(s) + 3H2O+1.78 Cu2O(s) + 3H2O+2.56 Cu+ + H2O+0.62 CuBr(s)+0.64 CuCl(s)+0.54 CuI(s)+0.86 Cu(s) + I-- 0.185 Cu(NH3)2+ + 2NH3- 0.01 Cu(s) + 2NH3- 0.12 Cu(s) + 4NH3- 0.07
28 Nickel <= 29 Copper => 30 Zinc