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Hydrargyrum

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PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

MERCURY

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ZINC GROUP

Atomic number:80

Group numbers:12

Period:6

Electronic configuration:[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²

Formal oxidation number:+1 +2

Electronegativities:1.9

Atomic radius / pm:150.3

Relative atomic mass:200.59 ± 0.02

Mercury has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word hydrargyrum meaning liquid silver. It is a heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures, stable in air and water. Mercury is unreactive with alkalis and most acids. It gives off poisonous vapour that has a chronic cumulative effect. Mercury rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). It is used in thermometers, barometers and batteries, also in electrical switches and mercury-vapour lighting products.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

Crystal structure:

rhombohedral

Unit-cell dimensions / pm:

a=299.25, α=70°44.6'

Space group:

R3m

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density / g dm^-3:13546 (293 K)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:14.81 (293 K)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:95.8 (20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:8.34

Melting point / °C:-38.83

Boiling point / °C:356.73

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:2.331

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:59.11

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:64.463

IONIZATION ENERGIES

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1007.07

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1809.69

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:3299.82

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:0.08

in the oceans / ppm:0.00003

ISOTOPES

IsotopeRelative atomic massMass percent (%)

¹⁹⁶Hg195.965815(4)0.15(1)

¹⁹⁸Hg197.966752(3)9.97(8)

¹⁹⁹Hg198.968262(3)16.87(10)

²⁰⁰Hg199.968309(3)23.10(16)

²⁰¹Hg200.970285(3)13.18(8)

²⁰²Hg201.970626(3)29.86(20)

²⁰⁴Hg203.973476(3)6.87(4)

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction E^o / V

Hg²⁺ + 2e^-

Hg(l)+0.854

2Hg²⁺ + 2e^-

Hg₂²⁺+0.920

2Hg²⁺ + 2e^-

Hg₂²⁺+0.907 (1 mol dm^-3 HClO₄)

Hg₂²⁺ + 2e^-

2Hg(l)+0.788

Hg₂²⁺ + 2e^-

2Hg(l)+0.274 (1 mol dm^-3 HCl)

Hg₂²⁺ + 2e^-

2Hg(l)+0.776 (1 mol dm^-3 HClO₄)

Hg₂²⁺ + 2e^-

2Hg(l)+0.674 (1 mol dm^-3 H₂SO₄)

HgO(s) + H₂O + 2e^-

Hg(l) + 2OH^-+0.10

HgO(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e^-

Hg(l) + H₂O+0.93

2Hg(OH)₂(s) + 4H⁺ + 2e^-

Hg₂²⁺ + 4H₂O+1.28

Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-+0.268

Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-+0.244 (saturated KCl)

Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-+0.282 (1 mol dm^-3 KCl)

Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-+0.334 (0.1 mol dm^-3 KCl)

Hg₂Br₂(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + 2Br^-+0.14

Hg₂I₂(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + 2I^-- 0.04

Hg₂C₂O₄(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + C₂O₄^2-+0.42

Hg₂SO₄(s) + 2e^-

2Hg(l) + SO₄^2-+0.615

HgS(s) (black) + 2e^-

Hg(l) + S^2-- 0.67

HgS(s) (red) + 2e^-

Hg + S^2-- 0.70

Hg(CN)₄^2- + 2e^-

Hg(l) + 4CN^-- 0.37

79 Gold <= 80 Mercury => 81 Thallium