Atomic number:83
Group numbers:15
Period:6
Electronic configuration:[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Formal oxidation number:+3 +5
Electronegativities:1.9
Atomic radius / pm:154.5
Relative atomic mass:208.98040 ± 0.00001
Bismuth was discovered by Basil Valentine (DE) in 1450. The origin of the name comes from the German words Weisse Masse meaning white mass; now spelled wismut and bisemutum. It is a hard, brittle, steel-grey metal with a pink tint. It is stable in oxygen and water but dissolves in concentrated nitric acid. Bismuth can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2S3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3) Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.
Crystal structure:
rhombohedral
Unit-cell dimensions / pm:
a=454.950, c=1186.225
Space group:
R3m
Density / g dm-3:9747 (293 K)
10050 (m.p.)
Molar volume / cm3mol-1:21.44 (293 K)
20.79 (m.p.)
Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:106.8 (20 °C)
Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1:7.87
Melting point / °C:271.4
Boiling point / °C:1564
Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1:10.48
Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1:179.1
Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1:207.36
1st ionization energy / kJ mol-1:702.96
2nd ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1610.35
3rd ionization energy / kJ mol-1:2466.18
in the atmosphere / ppm:-
in the Earth's crust / ppm:0.06
in the oceans / ppm:0.0002
Bi(s)+0.215 Bi(s) + H2O+0.254 Bi(s) + H2O+0.320 Bi(s) + H2O + Cl-+0.160 2Bi(s) + 6OH-- 0.46 2Bi3+ + 5H2O+1.759 2BiOH2+ + 3H2O+1.700 2BiO+ + 3H2O+1.605 BiO+ + Na+ + H2O+1.80 Bi(s) + 4Cl-+0.16 BiH3(g)- 0.800
82 Lead <= 83 Bismuth => 84 Polonium