Atomic number:82

Group numbers:14

Period:6

Electronic configuration:[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

Formal oxidation number:+2 +4

Electronegativities:1.8

Atomic radius / pm:175

Relative atomic mass:207.2 ± 0.1

 

Lead has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word plumbum meaning liquid silver. It is a very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal that tarnishes in moist air but is stable in oxygen and water. Lead dissolves in nitric acid and its compounds are toxic by inhalation or ingestion. The toxins have a cumulative effect. Lead is found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). It is used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.

Density / g dm^-3:11350 (293 K)

 10678 (m.p.)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:18.26 (293 K)

 19.40 (m.p.)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:20.648 (20 °C)

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:35.3

Melting point / °C:327.46

Boiling point / °C:1749

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:5.121

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:177.8

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:195.74

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:715.60

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1450.40

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:3081.50

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:8

in the oceans / ppm:0.003