Atomic number:31

Group numbers:13

Period:4

Electronic configuration:[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹

Formal oxidation number:+3

Electronegativities:1.81

Atomic radius / pm:122.1

Relative atomic mass:69.723 ± 0.001

 

Gallium was discovered by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (FR) in 1875. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Gallia meaning France. It is a soft, blue-white metal, stable in air and water that reacts violently with chlorine and bromine. Gallium is found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal. It is used in semiconductor production, in making LED's (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.

Density / g dm^-3:5907 (293 K)

 6113.6 (m.p.)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:11.80 (293 K)

 11.40 (m.p.)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:17.4 (20 °C)

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:40.6

Melting point / °C:29.76

Boiling point / °C:2204

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:5.59

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:270.3

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:276

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:578.85

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1979.33

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:2963.09

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:18

in the oceans / ppm:0.0005