Atomic number:32

Group numbers:14

Period:4

Electronic configuration:[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Formal oxidation number:+2 +4

Electronegativities:2.01

Atomic radius / pm:122.5

Relative atomic mass:72.64 ± 0.01

 

Germanium was discovered by Clemens Alexander Winkler (DE) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Germania meaning Germany. It is a greyish-white semi-metal, stable in air and water. Germanium is unaffected by alkalis and most (except nitric) acids. Germanium is obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. It is widely used in semiconductors when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and antimony.

Density / g dm^-3:5323 (293 K)

 5490 (m.p.)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:13.65 (293 K)

 13.23 (m.p.)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:46000000 (20 °C)

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:59.9

Melting point / °C:938.25

Boiling point / °C:2833

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:34.7

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:327.6

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:373.8

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:762.18

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1537.47

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:3302.15

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:1.6

in the oceans / ppm:0.0001