Atomic number:44

Group numbers:8

Period:5

Electronic configuration:[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹

Formal oxidation number:+3

Electronegativities:2.2

Atomic radius / pm:132.5

Relative atomic mass:101.07 ± 0.02

 

Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus (RU) in 1844. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Ruthenia meaning Russia. It is a rare, extremely brittle, silver-grey metal. Ruthenium is unaffected by air, water or acids but reacts with very hot (molten) alkalis. Ruthenium is found in pentlandite and pyroxinite. It is used to harden platinum and palladium, aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.

Density / g dm^-3:12370 (293 K)

 10900 (m.p.)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:8.17 (293 K)

 9.27 (m.p.)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:7.6 (20 °C)

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:117

Melting point / °C:2334

Boiling point / °C:4150

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:23.7

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:567

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:641.031

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:710.19

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1617.11

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:2746.96

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:0.01

in the oceans / ppm:-