Atomic number:15

Group numbers:15

Period:3

Electronic configuration:[Ne] 3s² 3p³

Formal oxidation number:-3 +3 +5

Electronegativities:2.19

Atomic radius / pm:110.5

Relative atomic mass:30.973762 ± 0.000002

 

Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brandt (DE) in 1669. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word phosphoros meaning bringer of light. White phosphorus is white to yellow soft, waxy phosphorescent solid with acrid fumes. It's Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Red phosphorus is powdery, non-flammable and non-toxic. Phosphorus is most often found in phosphate rock. Pure form is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke and silica to about 1450 °C. It is used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches and incendiary weapons. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products.

Density / g dm^-3:1820 (white, 293 K)

 2200 (red, 293 K)

 2690 (black, 293 K)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:17.02 (white, 293 K)

 14.08 (red, 293 K)

 11.51 (black, 293 K)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:1E+17 (20 °C)

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:0.235

Melting point / °C:44.15

Boiling point / °C:280.5

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:2.51

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:51.9

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:314

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1011.82

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:1907.47

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:2914.14

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:1050

in the oceans / ppm:0.07