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Sulfur

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Schwefel

English

Sulphur

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Soufre

Croatian

Sumpor

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Zolfo

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Azufre

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PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

SULFUR

CHALCOGENS ELEMENT

Atomic number:16

Group numbers:16

Period:3

Electronic configuration:[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

Formal oxidation number:-2 +4 +6

Electronegativities:2.58

Atomic radius / pm:103.5

Relative atomic mass:32.065 ± 0.005

Sulfur, also spelled as sulphur has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word sulfur (or sulpur or sulphur) which derived from the Sanskrit word sulvere. The spelling of sulfur was recommended instead of sulphur (the spellings in common use in the UK) by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1990. It is a pale yellow, odourless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. Sulfur is found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from underground deposits by the Frasch process. Sulfur is used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides, and for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

Crystal structure:

face-centered orthorhombic

Unit-cell dimensions / pm:

a=1046.46, b=1286.60, c=2448.60

Space group:

Fddd

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density / g dm^-3:2070 (alpha, 293 K)

1957 (beta, 293 K)

1891 (liquid, 393 K)

Molar volume / cm³mol^-1:15.49 (alpha, 293 K)

16.38 (beta, 293 K)

16.96 (liquid, 393 K)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:2E+23 (20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity / W m^-1K^-1:0.269

Melting point / °C:115.21

Boiling point / °C:444.60

Heat of fusion / kJ mol^-1:1.7175

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol^-1:9.62

Heat of atomization / kJ mol^-1:276.6

IONIZATION ENERGIES

1st ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:999.60

2nd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:2251.78

3rd ionization energy / kJ mol^-1:3356.75

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS

in the atmosphere / ppm:1

in the Earth's crust / ppm:260

in the oceans / ppm:900

ISOTOPES

IsotopeRelative atomic massMass percent (%)

³²S31.9720707(1)95.02(9)

³³S32.9714585(1)0.75(4)

³⁴S33.9678668(1)4.21(8)

³⁶S35.9670809(3)0.02(1)

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction E^o / V

S(s) + 2e^-

S^2-- 0.476

S(s) + H⁺ + 2e^-

HS^-- 0.065

S(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e^-

H₂S(g)+0.141

SO₄^2- + 4H⁺ + 2e^-

H₂SO₃ + H₂O+0.172

SO₄^2- + 4H₂O + 2e^-

SO₃^- + 2OH^-- 0.93

SO₄^2- + 8H⁺ + 6e^-

S(s) + 4H₂O+0.357

HSO₄^- + 7H⁺ + 6e^-

S(s) + 4H₂O+0.339

SO₄^2- + 8H⁺ + 8e^-

S^2- + 4H₂O+0.149

SO₄^2- + 9H⁺ + 8e^-

HS^- + 4H₂O+0.252

SO₄^2- + 10H⁺ + 8e^-

H₂S(g) + 4H₂O+0.303

HSO₄^- + 9H⁺ + 8e^-

H₂S(g) + 4H₂O+0.289

S₂O₈^2- + 2e^-

2SO₄^2-+2.01

S₂O₈^2- + 2H⁺ + 2e^-

2HSO₄^-+2.123

S₄O₆^2- + 2e^-

2S₂O₃^2-+0.08

S₄O₆^2- + 12H⁺ + 10e^-

4S(s) + 6H₂O+0.416

S₂O₆^2- + 2e^-

2SO₃^2-+0.026

SO₂(g) + 4H⁺ + 4e^-

S(s) + 2H₂O+0.451

H₂SO₃ + 4H⁺ + 4e^-

S(s) + 3H₂O+0.450

2SO₃^2- + 6H⁺ + 4e^-

S₂O₃^2- + 3H₂O+0.705

2HSO₃^- + 4H⁺ + 4e^-

S₂O₃^2- + 3H₂O+0.491

4HSO₃^- + 8H⁺ + 6e^-

S₄O₆^2- + 6H₂O+0.581

4H₂SO₃ + 4H⁺ + 6e^-

S₄O₆^2- + 6H₂O+0.509

SO₃^2- + 6H⁺ + 6e^-

S^2- + 3H₂O+0.231

S₂^2- + 2H⁺ + 2e^-

2HS^-+0.298

S₂^2- + 2e^-

2S^2-- 0.524

S₃^2- + 3H⁺ + 4e^-

3HS^-+0.097

S₄^2- + 4H⁺ + 6e^-

4HS^-+0.033

S₅^2- + 5H⁺ + 8e^-

5HS^-+0.003

15 Phosphorus <= 16 Sulphur => 17 Chlorine