de en fr hr it es
Neighborhood
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51

 

Periodic table

de  German

Germanium

en  English

Germanium

fr  French

Germanium

hr  Croatian

Germanij

it  Italian

Germanio

es  Spanish

Germanio

 

Ge
Ge
Germanium

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

GERMANIUM

CARBON GROUP

 

Atomic number:32

Group numbers:14

Period:4

Electronic configuration:[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

Formal oxidation number:+2 +4

Electronegativities:2.01

Atomic radius / pm:122.5

Relative atomic mass:72.64 ± 0.01

 

Germanium was discovered by Clemens Alexander Winkler (DE) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Germania meaning Germany. It is a greyish-white semi-metal, stable in air and water. Germanium is unaffected by alkalis and most (except nitric) acids. Germanium is obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. It is widely used in semiconductors when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and antimony.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density / g dm-3:5323 (293 K)

 5490 (m.p.)

Molar volume / cm3mol-1:13.65 (293 K)

 13.23 (m.p.)

Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:46000000 (20 °C)

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1:59.9

Melting point / °C:938.25

Boiling point / °C:2833

Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1:34.7

Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1:327.6

Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1:373.8

IONIZATION ENERGIES

First ionization energy / kJ mol-1:762.18

Second ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1537.47

Third ionization energy / kJ mol-1:3302.15

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS

in the atmosphere / ppm:-

in the Earth's crust / ppm:1.6

in the oceans / ppm:0.0001

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

face-centered cubic

Crystal structure:

face-centered cubic

Unit-cell dimensions / pm:

a=565.754

Space group:

Fd3m

ISOTOPES

IsotopeRelative atomic massMass percent (%)
70Ge69.924250(2)21.23(4)
72Ge71.922076(2)27.66(3)
73Ge72.923459(2)7.73(1)
74Ge73.921178(2)35.94(2)
76Ge75.921403(2)7.44(2)

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V
Ge2+ + 2e- = Ge(s)+0.00
GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- = Ge2+ + 2H2O- 0.25
GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- = Ge + 2H2O- 0.01
H2GeO3 + 4H+ + 4e- = Ge(s) + 3H2O- 0.13
GeO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- = Ge(s) + H2O- 0.29

 

31 Gallium <=
32 Germanium
 => 33 Arsenic