Atomic number:15
Group numbers:15
Period:3
Electronic configuration:[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Formal oxidation number:-3 +3 +5
Electronegativities:2.19
Atomic radius / pm:110.5
Relative atomic mass:30.973762 ± 0.000002
Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brandt (DE) in 1669. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word phosphoros meaning bringer of light. White phosphorus is white to yellow soft, waxy phosphorescent solid with acrid fumes. It's Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Red phosphorus is powdery, non-flammable and non-toxic. Phosphorus is most often found in phosphate rock. Pure form is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke and silica to about 1450 °C. It is used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches and incendiary weapons. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density / g dm-3:1820 (white, 293 K)
2200 (red, 293 K)
2690 (black, 293 K)
Molar volume / cm3mol-1:17.02 (white, 293 K)
14.08 (red, 293 K)
11.51 (black, 293 K)
Electrical resistivity / μΩcm:1E+17 (20 °C)
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal conductivity / W m-1K-1:0.235
Melting point / °C:44.15
Boiling point / °C:280.5
Heat of fusion / kJ mol-1:2.51
Heat of vaporization / kJ mol-1:51.9
Heat of atomization / kJ mol-1:314
IONIZATION ENERGIES
First ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1011.82
Second ionization energy / kJ mol-1:1907.47
Third ionization energy / kJ mol-1:2914.14
ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS
in the atmosphere / ppm:-
in the Earth's crust / ppm:1050
in the oceans / ppm:0.07
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA
Crystal structure:
simple cubic
Unit-cell dimensions / pm:
a=1131
Space group:
Pm3m
ISOTOPES
REDUCTION POTENTIALS
HPO32- + H2O+0.121 HPO32- + H2O- 0.234 HPO32- + H2O- 0.447 H2PO3- + H2O- 0.260 H2PO3- + H2O- 0.329 H3PO3 + H2O- 0.276 P (red) + 4H2O- 0.128 P (white) + 4H2O- 0.156 P (red) + 4H2O- 0.288 P (white) + 4H2O- 0.316 P (red) + 4H2O- 0.358 P (white) + 4H2O- 0.386 P (red) + 4H2O- 0.383 P (white) + 4H2O- 0.411 PH3(g) + 4H2O- 0.123 PH3(g) + 4H2O- 0.212 PH3(g) + 4H2O- 0.265 PH3(g) + 4H2O- 0.281 H3PO2 + H2O- 0.499 P (red) + 3H2O- 0.298 P (white) + 3H2O- 0.346 P (red) + 3H2O- 0.419 P (white) + 3H2O- 0.467 P (red) + 3H2O- 0.454 P (white) + 3H2O- 0.502 2H3PO3+0.38 H4P2O6 + 2H2O- 0.94 PH3(g)- 0.111 PH3(g)- 0.063
| 14 Silicon <= |
15 Phosphorus
|
=> 16 Sulphur |
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Citing this page:
Generalic, Eni. "Phosphorus." EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 3 Jan. 2012. KTF-Split. {Date of access}. <http://www.periodni.com/p.html>.